Witch - Free Essay Example

Utkarsh Rajawat AP Euro Dr. Barnes 10/25/09 The Witch Witch. A word that, nowadays, carries along with it thoughts of pleasant schools of magic and candy corn for Halloween. But several hundred years ago, from about 1480 to 1700, the term â€Å"witch† was an altogether sinister and grave term, one that was not thrown around lightly, as it often brought upon those tagged with it fates arguably worse than death. It was the era of the Inquisition, in which panels of judges were created for the sole purpose of condemning witches, and executioners prospered like never before. It was a time of religious fanaticism and political cunning, of death and wrongful accusations. Witches were persecuted for mainly three reasons, namely for religion, profit, and dislike towards the old, lower-class women. Pope Innocent VIII himself endorsed the trials, claiming that the Devil had taken reign of the weak-willed, while others noted how the executioners prospered from all the executions to th e point of their wealth rivaling that of the nobility. And then there are so many statistics showing that a good eighty percent of those executed were female, all of them lower class, and most of them around the age of sixty at a time when people lived not a day beyond seventy. Of course, religion was the base of this paranoia, and the biggest reason for all the persecutions. Religious reasons were the biggest reasons when it came to persecuting witches. People believed that witches were ultimately seduced by the Devil into doing his work for him, which encompassed killing babies and eating them (docA1). Others even considered simple acts such as caring for those with strange diseases as witchcraft (docA4). Others targeted witches for their un-Catholic behavior and difference of religion and faith (docB2). And there were those, such as Calvin, who found reason enough for burning witches in the Bible (docB4). The religious paranoia also had an adverse effect on the youth, who b egan to believe in devils and demons inhabiting people’s bodies (doc B5). Even scientists gave proof that the Devil was taking over old and embittered souls (docC1). Of course, not all persecutions were carried out for mere religious reasons. Some people had more concrete, materialistic gains to be had from the trials. Many people had much to gain from the trials. Some nobles were promoted for their extraordinary work in ridding the land of the Devil, while executioners raked in money with all the new business. Towns and inns in general profited from the great masses of people who would attend the trials and executions of the supposed witches (docA2). And then, of course, any important persons with power that stood in the way of someone’s advancement could always easily be disposed of by accusations of witchcraft (docA7). The mayor of Bamberg, Germany was one of several cases in which persons were bumped up the political ladder because of executions of those hold ing high government posts. Of course, not all reasons were as concrete. Pure contempt was just as potent a weapon. Many people disliked the sixty-something, lower-class women, for they were characterized as old and bitter and vengeful towards life itself. This can most clearly shown by cold, hard statistics (doc group D). The main targets were sixty-year old lower-class women. People just simply disliked this population, and looked at them badly before they became aware of their witchcraft and evil (docA3). People truly believed that there was nothing but resentment in their old, aged hearts (docA6). Others believed that these people were flawed from the beginning of existence, and were easily impressionable for this reason (doc B1). The more highly educated, however, such as Johan Wier, a Belgian physician, also saw the flaws in the same theory—they were old, frail, and were physically unable of all the atrocities they were blamed for (docC2). All in all, the Inquisiti on was fueled by religious causes, potential profit in the business, and general, outright dislike for the old, lower-class women.

In Order To Ensure All Research Is Meeting Ethical Standards

In order to ensure all research is meeting ethical standards and protocol, an Internal Review Board (IRB) shall be established to monitor, review, and approve protocols for research studies. â€Å"Institutional review boards are charged with ensuring appropriate respect for research participants and ensuring that the risks participants face are justified† (Dorenberg,2016). The ethical guidelines involving human participants will follow the protocol established in the Belmont Report and comply with the Terms of Assurance for Protection of Human Subjects for Research Institutions in the United States. (Policies Procedures, Institutional Review Board, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 2017) Examples of research that need board review will†¦show more content†¦Although there may be some invasive procedures, care will be taken to limit as many invasive procedures as possible. All personal information shall be de-identified to ensure participation privacy. Any records that contain information that may be construed as sensitive will be inside a locked a cabinet where only researchers directly involved with the study will have access. All computers will be password protected with individual sign-on names that shall be linked to each researcher. To ensure participation is voluntary, every precaution will be taken to make sure potential participants do not feel intimidated or pressured to enter into the study. If a participant appears undecided on their involvement, researchers shall not coerce them into participation in any way. All participants must have the cognitive mental abilities to make an informed choice before being admitted into a research study. Participants who lack these abilities must have a legal representative present who have a full understanding of the information in order to make an informed decision regarding the participant’s role in the study. Children entered into a study must have a legal guardian or parent present during intake questioning. Participants have the right to withdraw from this study at any point without question. To ensure participants are informed prior to consent to participate,Show MoreRelatedTeaching Interventions1347 Words   |  6 PagesSchool-Wide Practices to Promote Learning NASP Standards are general practices and strategies that the school uses in order to maintain effective and supporting learning environments for students. At my internship, a team was developed in order to provide staff with weekly tips about different types of interventions. The tea m developed a name â€Å"The Tipster Tuesday Committee† which entailed two school psychologist, the intern, school counselor, special education reading/writing teacher, math teacherRead MoreWhy Toshiba Is Getting Hit With A Record Fine1599 Words   |  7 Pagesoperating since 1875. An analysis of what happened to Toshiba demonstrate a lack of ethical standards in leadership, transparency, and finance. Leadership The corporate culture dictates how employee’s behavior and that old saying â€Å"lead by example† did not apply for employees working at Toshiba. Although the CEO of Toshiba did not directly instruct employees to misreport financial profits, there was indirect emphasis on meeting the company’s profit goals. The Japan culture has a reputation for enforcingRead MoreA Research Study On The Citi Program Defines Research And Human Beings1029 Words   |  5 Pages The CITI Program defines research and human beings to provide clarification on what research studies that need review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). The definition of research is: a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation designed to contribute to general knowledge. Systematic investigations have structure and organization. Furthermore, this type of investigation includes a specific procedure and guideline in order to acquire exact data. This dataRead MoreXyz Car Company Strategic Planning1044 Words   |  5 Pagespracticed by all employees upon hiring and reinforced through discussions (performance evaluation, biweekly supervision, staff meetings). In addition, managing diversity is promoting communication and distributing information in a form that allows employees to retrieve information that is easy to access and flexibility utilizing the latest technology (IPad, IPhone, web-based application, social media, etc.). In developing who should be included in the diversity training program, it will require all levelsRead MoreThe Importance Of A Formal Diagnosis Of Bdd1647 Words   |  7 Pagesrelevant to my research question (Creswell, 2012). Therefore, my task will be to find and select participants who will be chosen on the basis of a formal diagnosis of BDD, as confirmed through their diagnosing clinician. In order to do so, I will place advertisements on relevant social media sites, BDD Internet support group websites, as well as other fitting locations I discover during my process. Prior to placing said ads, I will be sure to obtain any necessary approval in order to adhere toRead MoreEthical Ethics And Financial Performance1206 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Within a competitive world, companies should become ethical throughout many perspectives. Ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong in an attempt to influence behaviour. (Kinicki 2015, p.83) In stating this, companies can be ethical within numerous occasions such as ethics and financial performance, ethical performance, ethics and sustainability and ethical competition such as competitive advantage. Despite the positive side, there are also some negative implications towardsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Organizational Behavior Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesInstrumentation Laboratory (â€Å"IL†) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Werfen USA, LLC and a market leader in the development, manufacture, and distribution of hemostasis and blood gas analyzers. The company is a direct supplier to hospitals, labs, and research facilities worldwide. With annual revenue at $700 million and a headcount of over 1,200 employees and contractors, the company has established a code of ethics tha t is designed to create a culture that fosters the development, passion, and knowledgeRead MoreEthical Healthcare Issues Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: ETHICAL HEALTHCARE Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper Wanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policiesRead MoreOffice Management Principles Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintaining all the activities and work in an office. This may involve a small or a big organization. The major objective of office management is to ensure that an organization attains its goals and objectives. The office manager is an individual who is concerned with planning, organizing and controlling all aspects of management that are within the office of an organization (Buhler, 2008). This may include coordination, preparation of records, controlling communication, supervision and overseeing all theRead MoreBehavior Analysis : The Scientific Study Of Behavior1296 Words   |  6 Pagesand teaching others to implement plans. Education In order to practice ABA as a BCBA, one must earn national certification through the behavior analysis certification board. This is accomplished through taking appropriate classes, meeting required prerequisites, and passing the certification test offered through the BACB. One avenue to accomplish this is through enrolling in the non-practicum, comprehensive exam, course sequence in order to earn a Master s of Science in Psychology with a specialization

What Is an Acronym Definition and Examples

An acronym is a  word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. Also called a  protogram. Strictly speaking, says lexicographer John Ayto, an acronym denotes a combination pronounced as a word . . . rather than as just a sequence of letters (A Century of New Words, 2007). An anacronym is an acronym (or another  initialism) for which the expanded form isnt widely known or used, such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Etymology From the Greek, point name Pronunciation AK-ri-nim Examples and Observations Acronyms and AbbreviationsThe difference between acronyms and abbreviations is this: acronyms are proper words created from the initial letter or two of the words in a phrase, and they are pronounced like other words (cf. snafu, radar, laser, or UNESCO). By contrast, abbreviations do not form proper words, and so they are pronounced as strings of letters, for example, S.O.B., IOU, U.S.A., MP, lp, or tv.I have a couple of lists that I can refer to throughout the day, but I dont have the official FAT book yet. Yes, it really is called the FAT (Federal Acronym and Terms) book.Acronymic TextspeakMany acronyms meant to be written have wormed their way into spoken language--just ask your BFF, or the co-worker who prefaces everything with FYI. Lately, this is also the case for Internet slang.NIMBYNIMBY: from Not In My Back Yard--for a person who opposes anything scheduled to be built near his or her residenceFEMARe-branding FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) doesnt fix the problem; it just puts a new acronym on it.The Ancient Roots of AcronymyAcronymy has ancient roots, as illustrated by the early Christian use of the Greek word ichthys meaning fish as an acronym for IÄ“sous Christos, Theou Huios, SÃ… tÄ“r (Jesus Christ, Gods son, Savior). In English, the first known acronyms (as opposed to plain old initialisms) cropped up in the telegraphic code developed by Walter P. Phillips for the United Press Association in 1879. The code abbreviated Supreme Court of the United States as SCOTUS and President of the as POT, giving way to POTUS by 1895. Those shorthand labels have lingered in journalistic and diplomatic circles--now joined by FLOTUS, which of course stands for First Lady of the United States. Sources Keith Allan and Kate Burridge,  Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford University Press, 1991Douglas Quenqua, Alphabet Soup.  The New York Times, September 23, 2011David MarinBen Zimmer, On Language: Acronym.  The New York Times Magazine, December 19, 2010

Captain John Yossarian in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 769 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catch 22 Essay Did you like this example? The book Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, It starts off introducing us to Captain John Yossarian, which he is in the hospital with a liver problem. When he is in the hospital, some of his friends came by to check up on him named Hungry Joe, Doctor Havemeyer, and Clevinger. They all try to avoid dying at all cost as long as they can. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Captain John Yossarian in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller" essay for you Create order We also met Milo Minderbinder who has a lot of money by him having a really good business that is worldwide. He is really not close with Yossarian. But the book is mostly about the lives of a US Air force group. The setting is on an italian island on a base which is close to Rome. Major Major Major is the new leader of the squadron when Major Duluth is killed. Major Major Major gets bored really easily so, starts to sign papers that came to his desk about. One of them was about Washington Irving. A C.I.D man comes to find out who Washington Irving is. He got no answers but Major Major Major didnt like all the people coming to him so he made himself scarce so no one can reach him. The Colonel Cathcart has told the man in the group, to bomb the storage area in Bologna. The men are losing their minds it because they know the flight area of Bologna was really bad and they could get killed. Yossarian was also one of those people so he made food by adding ingredients that would make all the men sick so the mission cannot happen. Also Yossarian tries to find another way not to do the mission which was to declare himself crazy so he can go underground. But all the times he has tried to stop it still has failed. That is when we found out the meaning of Catch-22 which the doctor told us. The meaning was if a man can tell the doctors that he has became crazy, then he is called sane and can mostly like be able to fly. The whole groupe go to Rome and Nately finds his girlfriend which she has a side business of being a prostitue. Corporal Whitcomb who is the chaplains aid, has told the C.I.D people that the Chaplain is the man signing Washington Irving to all of the papers that are out. Yossarian was on a mission and his mind was not in the right area and because of that the plane goes down, the 2 men are wounded and died shortly after right there. In his second mission he hurt his leg really badly and doesnt want to fly anymore. While this is going on Milo formed a group and gave things to his friends and to the Germans so it was double sided so he can get money. Yossarian tells a little fib about having dreams about a fish. The psychiatrist mixes up a patient of his with him and sends the other patient home. We also find out that Orr is dead by him having a crash landing but it also tells us that he was Yossarian roommate. McWatt is conditioning with a bunch of soldiers and flies too close to Sam pson who is on a little boat and the other man are stumble from the loss of them. Yossarians talks to Natelys girlfriend and he says that he is dead. She starts to come after him so she can kill him and she even when to a extent and went to his base and tried to kill him. So Yossarian goes off the grid with the help of Milo, and he tries and find Natelys girlfriends and her sister because they got kicked out of there home by the government because of the things that they have done. But Yossarian gets arrested for going going off the grid by the government. He is send back to the Colonel Cathcarts post and he can go anywhere he want in the US as long as that him and the colonel are good. He says yes but when he walks out the post Natelys girlfriend was waiting outside stabs him. While he is getting escorted he thinks about the conversation he had with the colonel that he decided that he would rather run away and thats exactly what he did. That is when he finds out that Orr is still alive in Sweden trying to lay low . So Yossarians decides to runs aways and finds N atelys girlfriends sister so he can escort her to Sweden with him. Also is that he cannot get court-martialed.

The Hypothesized Finnish Population Bottleneck - 2638 Words

The hypothesized Finnish population bottleneck is supported by archaeological evidence that shows the number of artifacts significantly decreased at roughly the same time as hypothesized. When taken together, the genetic and archaeological records suggest that there may have been a population bottleneck. The hypothesized population bottleneck circa 4000 BP (2000 BCE) has been increasingly researched over the past few decades, as genetic evidence has come to support the existing archaeological evidence for such an event. Recent genetic testing has shown that there is very low diversity on the Y chromosome, suggesting that the number of male ancestral lineages was small, especially compared to the rest of Europe. This is evidence for a population bottleneck that killed a large portion of the population at some point in the past. In addition, there are genetic differences between eastern and western Finland the presence of Finnish Disease Heritage, where certain genetic diseases are fo und in proportions different from the rest of the Europe, as is common in groups with decreased genetic diversity. Other arguments that explain the same evidence in other ways have been proposed and no consensus has been reached on which side is correct. The archaeological evidence is rooted in the number of artifacts found that can be dated to before and after the hypothesized population bottleneck. This research relies on the assumption that a higher number of artifacts dated to a certain

Racial And Race And Sexuality - 949 Words

Have you ever been guilty of listening to a voice of a random caller on the radio who is eager to win tickets to the next Bruno Mars concert or a hopeful caller requesting for a song to play next, and automatically assumed that you knew what race he or she was? Maybe you have had the television on low in the background as you complete a last minute paper. Your eyes are not on the television, but you hear a voice and you are certain that the speaker is a White female or a gay male. This phenomenon is called Linguistic Profiling. Linguistic Profiling is the act of identifying one’s social characteristic based on his or her dialect or accent (Alim, 2005). It may be too easy for one to drawl a conclusion about the sexuality and race of someone based solely on the way he or she sounds. The following research is about how well people can gauge race and sexuality when listening to various individuals speak. Is racial and sexual identification accuracy common among those of both different and similar race and/or sexuality? This research will present audience with how common and accurate linguistic profiling is among North American society. Also it will discuss why this low-effort assumptions and decision-making, or heuristics, specific rule-of-thumb or shortcuts one uses to make a decision that are derived from experience (Brown, 2003), can lead to huge damaging effect on minorities. I hypothesize that my results will show high significant in subjects’ ability to consistently andShow MoreRelatedGender, Racial, Sexuality, Race, And Class ( 11 )975 Words   |  4 PagesWomen of colour were the first to advance frameworks for recognizing the intersection of gender, sexuality, race, and class (11). Frankenberg and hooks share a racist discourse of hyper visibility towards African Americans; however, Frankenberg notes the invisibility towards Asian Americans and Native American minorities (12). Here, race is constructed as a biological category while whiteness embodies superiority. Hooks argues that stereotypes; however inaccurate, are one form of representation forRead MoreGender, Ethnicity, And Social Class945 Words   |  4 PagesRoles of Sexuality In the 1920s, after slavery was abolished, there was a migration of African Americans towards the North, especially into urban areas closer proximity to white neighborhoods. A popular destination was Harlem, New York. United States went through an era known as the Harlem Renaissance were African American voices were being heard in a new, unexplored light. â€Å"Passing† was a recurring theme that was used through most literature and film by most African Americans. â€Å"Passing† is referredRead MoreSex, Gender, Racial Identity, And Stereotyping And Labeling Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesmixed with many different racial identities, yet cultivates its pop culture through a ‘black and ‘white’ preface. The U.S is known to categorize diverse races into one; highlighting the inferiority other races face while living within our culture. Women have been idealized and compounded into western society as sex symbols and housewives. Women from other races no n-white or Black are not only seen the same way, but are also included in the melting pot of diluted racial identities formatted fromRead MoreThe Meanings of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality953 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meanings of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality The meanings of race, class, gender, and sexuality are definitely complicated and intertwined through intersectionality. To fully understand these meanings, one must first open his or her mind and recognize that social stipulations that society inflicts upon people need to be thrown away. One must ignore conceptions of something being static or natural (Mills 10). A naà ¯ve individual would consider race as simply a biological classificationRead MorePortrait D Une Negresse ( 1800 ) By Marie Guilhelmine Benoist935 Words   |  4 Pagesviewer in neither a demure nor passionate way. In fact, she seems nonchalant about her exposure. Portrait of Catherine Grey, Lady Manners (1794), by Thomas Lawrence. The aesthetics of painted skin play an important role in Enlightenment concepts of race, especially of women. The painting above is by Thomas Lawrence, depicting a white woman. She is very pale, almost translucent, and there is a prominent rosy blush on her cheeks. There is a clear contrast between this painting and Benoist’s paintingRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexuality Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesClass† serves as a great example to ask that question in regards to the expression of gender and sexuality, and how those two are heavily influenced by the social class construct. Trautner argues that â€Å"gender in organizations interacts with other major features of stratification - such as class and race - to construct unique organizational cultures that project distinctive images of gender and sexuality that are fitted to their particular organizational settings.† (Trautner, 2005). As Bettie (2000Read MorePolitics Of Sexuality And Materialism1739 Words   |  7 PagesGrossmann POLSCI 496 Brandwein 22 September 2014 Politics of Sexuality and Materialism In 19th century America, the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman existed in a domestic sphere where her role as a mother was her primary function in society. These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society andRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreDifference Between Ethnicity And Class939 Words   |  4 Pagesbasic ‘Race, Gender and Class’ assumptions; i.e., that each person has a race, gender, class identity, and that the impacts of all collective relations are instantaneously gendered, raced, and classed (West and Fenstermaker, 1997: 60). Therefore, these variances will be further discussed with reference to two popular American TV shows including Six Feet Under and The Wire. Studies of disparity have recently been formed and augmented by the development of a new model, referred to as race/class/genderRead MoreThe Centrality of Gender, Sexuality, Race, Sociability and Commercialized Leisure in Slumming by Chad Heap781 Words   |  4 Pagesas well as how it helps to produce the sex/gender/racial system. Heap also argues how the different participants in slumming affect one another. The impact between the different interactions among different races, classes and gender was as well discussed in detail by the author. Finally Heap talks about the roles that socially and economically populations play in the practice of slumming. Slumming demonstrates and solidifies the sex/gender/racial system during the 18th and 19th century. The crossing

Light On The Statement Of Leadership Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Light On The Statement Of Leadership. Answer: Introduction A leader can be defined as an individual who is the guiding light to the various employees in an organization. A leader is very often considered to be a visionary head of the organization that needs to be bestowed with a large number of skills and has various roles in an organization (Antonakis and Day 2017). The job of a leader requires certain set of activities like creating an inspiring vision for the organizations future and then binding people together in order to see to it that all of them work hard to achieve the goals. His role also involves looking after the people and motivating them to do tasks which are right for the organization. Along with setting the direction for the entire organization, the leader also needs to make use of the managerial skills to achieve success (Bhatti et al. 2012). It is often stated that a leader needs to be born with a certain set of personality and hence leadership is an art. In a similar scenario, a leader has to function in a manner based on a definite set of rules and regulations which is why it is often referred to as a science. This essay aims to throw light on the statement that leadership is both an art as well as a science. The reason behind the given statement will be discussed using practical examples along with theoretical references. Various theories like the behavioral theories will be discussed in order to prove validity to the statement Leadership as an Art An art is made of human skills. Very often the artistic side of leadership remains hidden and the leaders do not get to reflect their creativity in the corporate business world (Landis, Hill and Harvey 2014). The manner in which an organization functions, a leader may often find it extremely difficult to portray the creativity however, during certain circumstances there arises a situation where the leader is allowed to imagine and here the artistic side of leadership is revealed. The leadership is based on the imagination and creativity aspect of the person. Furthermore, the leader`s job greatly requires interaction and communication with various parties involved in a business which then can be referred to as an art (Daft 2014). This can be stated because an art involves convincing the various parties to a business and motivating them to carry out their tasks. Leadership is an act of empathy and empathy is incomplete without imagination. This involves understanding a third party`s thought to understand their perspective and work with them. Very often this aspect is not given importance to and is believed that leadership is just concerned with the theories and scientific set of rules but instead empathy is hugely related to art and through this leadership can be described as an art. A leader is a storehouse of various skills. A leader is incomplete without skills like communication, time management, negotiation and conflict management. These skills are in born in a person and cannot be taught to the different leaders. Communication refers to as the method of flow of ideas from one individual to another. With the help of the communication skills, person can easily get the tasks done. According to Bolman and Deal (2017),time management is another important skill that needs to be in a leader. This is because time is a running aspect and the business environment is ever changing. If the leader is unable to manage the various aspects of the business enterprise using the time concept then he will not be able to manage the business. The concept of time cannot be taught with a given theory and can only be mastered with time. Hence, the statement rightly suggests that Leadership is an art with respect to the skills requirement of a person which is inbuilt. Very often there arises a situation, whereby the leadership skill of an individual can be observed from a very young age. Whether the child is in school or college, he or she portrays all the essential qualities of a leader and is always the head of all the groups he is a member of (Van Wart 2014). Very often the people may wonder, the reason behind the given scenario, however there exists no scientific theory or knowledge behind this because these are the skills that a person is born with and they get further developed with time (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). A simple example of the Global billionaires and visionary leaders like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg can be used where by one can reflect that these leaders where college drop outs and did not achieve any professional knowledge but still have been able to successfully build up the globe`s largest organizations. A similar example of the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi can be used who has been described as one of the most influential leaders of 2015. However, the Prime Minister of India, comes from a very humble background with no profound leadership qualification. However, he is one the greatest leaders which the world has witnesses. Hence, from these examples it can be clearly stated that leadership is an art which is inbuilt. A person who has the presence of a certain skills within him can make him a successful leader and leadership is all about the innovation and creativity skills of a given person (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013.).The example of the company Apple can also be taken who applied innovation and creativity in their designs and their products have been a figment of the management`s imagination. The Trait Theory of Leadership The given leadership theory believes that not all leaders become one due to scientific knowledge or training but are instead born with some qualities which make the leader competent. These qualities are qualities of intelligence, responsibility, value inputs and creativity. The trait theory analyses the social, mental and physical characteristics of the leaders to gain a better understanding of the common characteristics among the leaders. The Great Man Theory The Great Man theory of 1840s also states a similar point to this and stated that the characteristics which exist in a potential leader are all intrinsic and that the leadership traits are quite similar to that of the traits which a person is born with and hence, Leadership can be clearly stated to be an art with the help of which an individual will be able to achieve success in the business environment. The artistic side of the leader is extremely important in making the leader creative and empathetic . Without these qualities a leader will not be able t carry out the tasks properly and hence, the use of imagination will be limited . Hence, leadership can said to be an art. The next section of the essay will concentrate on why leadership is considered to be a science. Leadership as a science According to Hargreaves and Fink (2012), although leadership is considered to be an art, it is an undeniable fact that it is also a science. There exists science in the manner in which the modern leadership tends to function. In the present era, the organizations tend to function with big data and predictive analysis in order to solve complex situations and understand the patterns behind the behavior and the functioning of the target market. Hence, as a science, although leadership does not require an individual to be scientist with respect to data, a fundamental process of science is required in every decision that a company tends to make. Science often involves the use of microscopes, telescopes , equations and quantum mechanics in order to see to it that the relevant decision can be taken. However, leadership does not require that kind of science but involves the use of simple science such as examination off the evidence available and then making relative conclusions from it for the benefit of the organization. This scientific process of analyzing the information based on the situation and then making relevant decisions depending upon that. This information may refer to information such as sale figures, health and safety legislation or low staff morals in the administration team (Kara et al. 2013). The information which is derived from the situation in hand helps the company to draw relative conclusions about what is happening, the reason behind it and how the company will deal with the situation. The scientific aspect of leadership is relevant because without the application of science, the data would not have been converted to relevant information and the major decisions in the organization cannot be taken. The reason why leadership is considered to be a science is given in the following section,. First of all, Leadership requires talent acquisition Talent Acquisition A leader needs to be a storehouse of talent. The leader in any organization is required to be extremely talented and versatile in order to adapt to the needs of the changing environment and in order to analyze the situations and take corrective actions. Although leadership as an art states that leadership is an inborn talent which is inbuilt, however, all talents required in a leader are not inbuilt and some of them have to be acquired throughout the lifetime of the leader (Mitchell 2013). This acquisition process involves gaining data through scientific knowledge . The acquisition of all the talent which is required to become a food leader involves application of scientific aspects like learning which will then help the leader to become a jack of all trades. Knowledge acquiring According to Northouse (2015),Knowledge acquisition needs to be an essential part of building up the character of a leader. Knowledge refers to the idea a particular leader needs to have about the various aspects of the business like planning, human resource, manufacturing, marketing, financing, costing and others (Chemers 2014). This knowledge, however smart an individual is cannot be inbuilt in a person and he will be required to attain these knowledge aspects with the help of education. There are various professional courses available like that of Masters in Business Management and leadership along with bachelors degree in leadership which will then provide all relevant knowledge to the managers in the domain of the business and enable them to excel in the given field. Hence, this concept of taking a degree is a form of science and for a reason like this Leadership is often considered to be a science (Nahavandi 2016). Experience based on Organizational leadership Leadership skills are also built when a person is placed in an organization and he learns through involvement in a variety of projects and reports tend to prepare the leader for future endeavors and through the process of learning, the leader understands how he has to progress in a given organization and the manner in which the person is able to derive better results (Lussier and Achua 2015). Leadership with reference to organizational context involves application of theoretical data in the practical form and learning from the mistakes (Spillane 2012). The various theories need to be tested and each of the results achieved from the application of one theory needs to be evaluated and the person needs to improve with time. Hence, the exposure to the actual corporate world helps the individual to attain knowledge with reference to the real world organization and this shall help the individual to become a better leader. Building up leadership takes time According to Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube (2015), Leadership can be inbuilt however, not every aspect of the leadership is always present in the person from the very beginning. Certain aspects of a leader like analyzing, performance management, information processing, production aspects and other important information is often gathered and built up during the course of time (Bolman and Deal 2017). Hence, leadership is often considered to be science which is developed by application of various resources, time and effort. The three levels of leadership theory The three levels of leadership theory is a theory which was formulated by James Scouller. In the given theory he stated that a persons leadership skills and presence can be developed and grown. The theory aims to summarize the tasks which need to be done by the leaders and the technical changes and psychologically requirements that they need to bring in the organization in order to develop the aspect of leaders and provide vision to the particular organization (GolemanBoyatzis and McKee 2013). This particular theory combines the older leadership theories like traits, behavioral and functional and combines them with the concept of authentic leadership. Leadership is built on a variety of scientific management tools and theories. These scientific management tools refer to the various control measures used by a manger in an organization such as Data analytics, Job Analysis, Performance Management, Financial Analysis, Human Resource Management, Cooperation between managers and workers, Planning and training. According to Taylor, these aspects tend to form an essential aspect of any leader in an organization and they have to be learnt in order to be successful. According to Fairhurst and Connaughton (2014), the learning and application of thee scientific knowledge tools requires lot of resources and time. However, without these tools an organization may not be able to succeed in achieving the goals of the organization and is considered as an important aspect for a leader to have a skills and a strength in all the stated scientific management tools in order to ensure that he is able to manage all the aspects of the given business and is able to manage the organization effectively. Therefore from the given analysis it can be stated that Leadership is an evolving concept and the definition of a leader is ever changing. A leader needs to be the guiding path of all the employees and the leader needs to use all techniques and concepts to take the organization where it belongs to. It can be stated that, Leadership is both an art and science. It is an art because it uses the application of creativity and innovation in an organization and it is a science because it makes use of various tools, principles and techniques in order to achieve the goals of the organization or that of a leader. The given essay highlighted various points which proved that leadership is both an art as well as a science. The essay provided a brief introduction as to why leadership is considered to be an art. It reflected the statement using the Behavioral theory and the Traits theory. Art requires imagination and inbuilt skills, which is an essential aspect of leadership as well. In the same manner, the reasons why leadership is a science have also been provided. Leadership is referred to as a science because; it involves learning and development of scientific knowledge along with skills which include the knowledge of various functions of the organization. The reasons by it are considered to be a science has been discussed briefly. 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