In Order To Ensure All Research Is Meeting Ethical Standards

In order to ensure all research is meeting ethical standards and protocol, an Internal Review Board (IRB) shall be established to monitor, review, and approve protocols for research studies. â€Å"Institutional review boards are charged with ensuring appropriate respect for research participants and ensuring that the risks participants face are justified† (Dorenberg,2016). The ethical guidelines involving human participants will follow the protocol established in the Belmont Report and comply with the Terms of Assurance for Protection of Human Subjects for Research Institutions in the United States. (Policies Procedures, Institutional Review Board, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, 2017) Examples of research that need board review will†¦show more content†¦Although there may be some invasive procedures, care will be taken to limit as many invasive procedures as possible. All personal information shall be de-identified to ensure participation privacy. Any records that contain information that may be construed as sensitive will be inside a locked a cabinet where only researchers directly involved with the study will have access. All computers will be password protected with individual sign-on names that shall be linked to each researcher. To ensure participation is voluntary, every precaution will be taken to make sure potential participants do not feel intimidated or pressured to enter into the study. If a participant appears undecided on their involvement, researchers shall not coerce them into participation in any way. All participants must have the cognitive mental abilities to make an informed choice before being admitted into a research study. Participants who lack these abilities must have a legal representative present who have a full understanding of the information in order to make an informed decision regarding the participant’s role in the study. Children entered into a study must have a legal guardian or parent present during intake questioning. Participants have the right to withdraw from this study at any point without question. To ensure participants are informed prior to consent to participate,Show MoreRelatedTeaching Interventions1347 Words   |  6 PagesSchool-Wide Practices to Promote Learning NASP Standards are general practices and strategies that the school uses in order to maintain effective and supporting learning environments for students. At my internship, a team was developed in order to provide staff with weekly tips about different types of interventions. The tea m developed a name â€Å"The Tipster Tuesday Committee† which entailed two school psychologist, the intern, school counselor, special education reading/writing teacher, math teacherRead MoreWhy Toshiba Is Getting Hit With A Record Fine1599 Words   |  7 Pagesoperating since 1875. An analysis of what happened to Toshiba demonstrate a lack of ethical standards in leadership, transparency, and finance. Leadership The corporate culture dictates how employee’s behavior and that old saying â€Å"lead by example† did not apply for employees working at Toshiba. Although the CEO of Toshiba did not directly instruct employees to misreport financial profits, there was indirect emphasis on meeting the company’s profit goals. The Japan culture has a reputation for enforcingRead MoreA Research Study On The Citi Program Defines Research And Human Beings1029 Words   |  5 Pages The CITI Program defines research and human beings to provide clarification on what research studies that need review by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). The definition of research is: a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation designed to contribute to general knowledge. Systematic investigations have structure and organization. Furthermore, this type of investigation includes a specific procedure and guideline in order to acquire exact data. This dataRead MoreXyz Car Company Strategic Planning1044 Words   |  5 Pagespracticed by all employees upon hiring and reinforced through discussions (performance evaluation, biweekly supervision, staff meetings). In addition, managing diversity is promoting communication and distributing information in a form that allows employees to retrieve information that is easy to access and flexibility utilizing the latest technology (IPad, IPhone, web-based application, social media, etc.). In developing who should be included in the diversity training program, it will require all levelsRead MoreThe Importance Of A Formal Diagnosis Of Bdd1647 Words   |  7 Pagesrelevant to my research question (Creswell, 2012). Therefore, my task will be to find and select participants who will be chosen on the basis of a formal diagnosis of BDD, as confirmed through their diagnosing clinician. In order to do so, I will place advertisements on relevant social media sites, BDD Internet support group websites, as well as other fitting locations I discover during my process. Prior to placing said ads, I will be sure to obtain any necessary approval in order to adhere toRead MoreEthical Ethics And Financial Performance1206 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Within a competitive world, companies should become ethical throughout many perspectives. Ethics refers to the standards of right and wrong in an attempt to influence behaviour. (Kinicki 2015, p.83) In stating this, companies can be ethical within numerous occasions such as ethics and financial performance, ethical performance, ethics and sustainability and ethical competition such as competitive advantage. Despite the positive side, there are also some negative implications towardsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Organizational Behavior Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesInstrumentation Laboratory (â€Å"IL†) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Werfen USA, LLC and a market leader in the development, manufacture, and distribution of hemostasis and blood gas analyzers. The company is a direct supplier to hospitals, labs, and research facilities worldwide. With annual revenue at $700 million and a headcount of over 1,200 employees and contractors, the company has established a code of ethics tha t is designed to create a culture that fosters the development, passion, and knowledgeRead MoreEthical Healthcare Issues Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: ETHICAL HEALTHCARE Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper Wanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policiesRead MoreOffice Management Principles Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintaining all the activities and work in an office. This may involve a small or a big organization. The major objective of office management is to ensure that an organization attains its goals and objectives. The office manager is an individual who is concerned with planning, organizing and controlling all aspects of management that are within the office of an organization (Buhler, 2008). This may include coordination, preparation of records, controlling communication, supervision and overseeing all theRead MoreBehavior Analysis : The Scientific Study Of Behavior1296 Words   |  6 Pagesand teaching others to implement plans. Education In order to practice ABA as a BCBA, one must earn national certification through the behavior analysis certification board. This is accomplished through taking appropriate classes, meeting required prerequisites, and passing the certification test offered through the BACB. One avenue to accomplish this is through enrolling in the non-practicum, comprehensive exam, course sequence in order to earn a Master s of Science in Psychology with a specialization

What Is an Acronym Definition and Examples

An acronym is a  word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. Also called a  protogram. Strictly speaking, says lexicographer John Ayto, an acronym denotes a combination pronounced as a word . . . rather than as just a sequence of letters (A Century of New Words, 2007). An anacronym is an acronym (or another  initialism) for which the expanded form isnt widely known or used, such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Etymology From the Greek, point name Pronunciation AK-ri-nim Examples and Observations Acronyms and AbbreviationsThe difference between acronyms and abbreviations is this: acronyms are proper words created from the initial letter or two of the words in a phrase, and they are pronounced like other words (cf. snafu, radar, laser, or UNESCO). By contrast, abbreviations do not form proper words, and so they are pronounced as strings of letters, for example, S.O.B., IOU, U.S.A., MP, lp, or tv.I have a couple of lists that I can refer to throughout the day, but I dont have the official FAT book yet. Yes, it really is called the FAT (Federal Acronym and Terms) book.Acronymic TextspeakMany acronyms meant to be written have wormed their way into spoken language--just ask your BFF, or the co-worker who prefaces everything with FYI. Lately, this is also the case for Internet slang.NIMBYNIMBY: from Not In My Back Yard--for a person who opposes anything scheduled to be built near his or her residenceFEMARe-branding FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) doesnt fix the problem; it just puts a new acronym on it.The Ancient Roots of AcronymyAcronymy has ancient roots, as illustrated by the early Christian use of the Greek word ichthys meaning fish as an acronym for IÄ“sous Christos, Theou Huios, SÃ… tÄ“r (Jesus Christ, Gods son, Savior). In English, the first known acronyms (as opposed to plain old initialisms) cropped up in the telegraphic code developed by Walter P. Phillips for the United Press Association in 1879. The code abbreviated Supreme Court of the United States as SCOTUS and President of the as POT, giving way to POTUS by 1895. Those shorthand labels have lingered in journalistic and diplomatic circles--now joined by FLOTUS, which of course stands for First Lady of the United States. Sources Keith Allan and Kate Burridge,  Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford University Press, 1991Douglas Quenqua, Alphabet Soup.  The New York Times, September 23, 2011David MarinBen Zimmer, On Language: Acronym.  The New York Times Magazine, December 19, 2010

Captain John Yossarian in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 769 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catch 22 Essay Did you like this example? The book Catch-22 by Joseph Heller, It starts off introducing us to Captain John Yossarian, which he is in the hospital with a liver problem. When he is in the hospital, some of his friends came by to check up on him named Hungry Joe, Doctor Havemeyer, and Clevinger. They all try to avoid dying at all cost as long as they can. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Captain John Yossarian in Catch-22 by Joseph Heller" essay for you Create order We also met Milo Minderbinder who has a lot of money by him having a really good business that is worldwide. He is really not close with Yossarian. But the book is mostly about the lives of a US Air force group. The setting is on an italian island on a base which is close to Rome. Major Major Major is the new leader of the squadron when Major Duluth is killed. Major Major Major gets bored really easily so, starts to sign papers that came to his desk about. One of them was about Washington Irving. A C.I.D man comes to find out who Washington Irving is. He got no answers but Major Major Major didnt like all the people coming to him so he made himself scarce so no one can reach him. The Colonel Cathcart has told the man in the group, to bomb the storage area in Bologna. The men are losing their minds it because they know the flight area of Bologna was really bad and they could get killed. Yossarian was also one of those people so he made food by adding ingredients that would make all the men sick so the mission cannot happen. Also Yossarian tries to find another way not to do the mission which was to declare himself crazy so he can go underground. But all the times he has tried to stop it still has failed. That is when we found out the meaning of Catch-22 which the doctor told us. The meaning was if a man can tell the doctors that he has became crazy, then he is called sane and can mostly like be able to fly. The whole groupe go to Rome and Nately finds his girlfriend which she has a side business of being a prostitue. Corporal Whitcomb who is the chaplains aid, has told the C.I.D people that the Chaplain is the man signing Washington Irving to all of the papers that are out. Yossarian was on a mission and his mind was not in the right area and because of that the plane goes down, the 2 men are wounded and died shortly after right there. In his second mission he hurt his leg really badly and doesnt want to fly anymore. While this is going on Milo formed a group and gave things to his friends and to the Germans so it was double sided so he can get money. Yossarian tells a little fib about having dreams about a fish. The psychiatrist mixes up a patient of his with him and sends the other patient home. We also find out that Orr is dead by him having a crash landing but it also tells us that he was Yossarian roommate. McWatt is conditioning with a bunch of soldiers and flies too close to Sam pson who is on a little boat and the other man are stumble from the loss of them. Yossarians talks to Natelys girlfriend and he says that he is dead. She starts to come after him so she can kill him and she even when to a extent and went to his base and tried to kill him. So Yossarian goes off the grid with the help of Milo, and he tries and find Natelys girlfriends and her sister because they got kicked out of there home by the government because of the things that they have done. But Yossarian gets arrested for going going off the grid by the government. He is send back to the Colonel Cathcarts post and he can go anywhere he want in the US as long as that him and the colonel are good. He says yes but when he walks out the post Natelys girlfriend was waiting outside stabs him. While he is getting escorted he thinks about the conversation he had with the colonel that he decided that he would rather run away and thats exactly what he did. That is when he finds out that Orr is still alive in Sweden trying to lay low . So Yossarians decides to runs aways and finds N atelys girlfriends sister so he can escort her to Sweden with him. Also is that he cannot get court-martialed.

The Hypothesized Finnish Population Bottleneck - 2638 Words

The hypothesized Finnish population bottleneck is supported by archaeological evidence that shows the number of artifacts significantly decreased at roughly the same time as hypothesized. When taken together, the genetic and archaeological records suggest that there may have been a population bottleneck. The hypothesized population bottleneck circa 4000 BP (2000 BCE) has been increasingly researched over the past few decades, as genetic evidence has come to support the existing archaeological evidence for such an event. Recent genetic testing has shown that there is very low diversity on the Y chromosome, suggesting that the number of male ancestral lineages was small, especially compared to the rest of Europe. This is evidence for a population bottleneck that killed a large portion of the population at some point in the past. In addition, there are genetic differences between eastern and western Finland the presence of Finnish Disease Heritage, where certain genetic diseases are fo und in proportions different from the rest of the Europe, as is common in groups with decreased genetic diversity. Other arguments that explain the same evidence in other ways have been proposed and no consensus has been reached on which side is correct. The archaeological evidence is rooted in the number of artifacts found that can be dated to before and after the hypothesized population bottleneck. This research relies on the assumption that a higher number of artifacts dated to a certain

Racial And Race And Sexuality - 949 Words

Have you ever been guilty of listening to a voice of a random caller on the radio who is eager to win tickets to the next Bruno Mars concert or a hopeful caller requesting for a song to play next, and automatically assumed that you knew what race he or she was? Maybe you have had the television on low in the background as you complete a last minute paper. Your eyes are not on the television, but you hear a voice and you are certain that the speaker is a White female or a gay male. This phenomenon is called Linguistic Profiling. Linguistic Profiling is the act of identifying one’s social characteristic based on his or her dialect or accent (Alim, 2005). It may be too easy for one to drawl a conclusion about the sexuality and race of someone based solely on the way he or she sounds. The following research is about how well people can gauge race and sexuality when listening to various individuals speak. Is racial and sexual identification accuracy common among those of both different and similar race and/or sexuality? This research will present audience with how common and accurate linguistic profiling is among North American society. Also it will discuss why this low-effort assumptions and decision-making, or heuristics, specific rule-of-thumb or shortcuts one uses to make a decision that are derived from experience (Brown, 2003), can lead to huge damaging effect on minorities. I hypothesize that my results will show high significant in subjects’ ability to consistently andShow MoreRelatedGender, Racial, Sexuality, Race, And Class ( 11 )975 Words   |  4 PagesWomen of colour were the first to advance frameworks for recognizing the intersection of gender, sexuality, race, and class (11). Frankenberg and hooks share a racist discourse of hyper visibility towards African Americans; however, Frankenberg notes the invisibility towards Asian Americans and Native American minorities (12). Here, race is constructed as a biological category while whiteness embodies superiority. Hooks argues that stereotypes; however inaccurate, are one form of representation forRead MoreGender, Ethnicity, And Social Class945 Words   |  4 PagesRoles of Sexuality In the 1920s, after slavery was abolished, there was a migration of African Americans towards the North, especially into urban areas closer proximity to white neighborhoods. A popular destination was Harlem, New York. United States went through an era known as the Harlem Renaissance were African American voices were being heard in a new, unexplored light. â€Å"Passing† was a recurring theme that was used through most literature and film by most African Americans. â€Å"Passing† is referredRead MoreSex, Gender, Racial Identity, And Stereotyping And Labeling Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesmixed with many different racial identities, yet cultivates its pop culture through a ‘black and ‘white’ preface. The U.S is known to categorize diverse races into one; highlighting the inferiority other races face while living within our culture. Women have been idealized and compounded into western society as sex symbols and housewives. Women from other races no n-white or Black are not only seen the same way, but are also included in the melting pot of diluted racial identities formatted fromRead MoreThe Meanings of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality953 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meanings of Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality The meanings of race, class, gender, and sexuality are definitely complicated and intertwined through intersectionality. To fully understand these meanings, one must first open his or her mind and recognize that social stipulations that society inflicts upon people need to be thrown away. One must ignore conceptions of something being static or natural (Mills 10). A naà ¯ve individual would consider race as simply a biological classificationRead MorePortrait D Une Negresse ( 1800 ) By Marie Guilhelmine Benoist935 Words   |  4 Pagesviewer in neither a demure nor passionate way. In fact, she seems nonchalant about her exposure. Portrait of Catherine Grey, Lady Manners (1794), by Thomas Lawrence. The aesthetics of painted skin play an important role in Enlightenment concepts of race, especially of women. The painting above is by Thomas Lawrence, depicting a white woman. She is very pale, almost translucent, and there is a prominent rosy blush on her cheeks. There is a clear contrast between this painting and Benoist’s paintingRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexuality Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesClass† serves as a great example to ask that question in regards to the expression of gender and sexuality, and how those two are heavily influenced by the social class construct. Trautner argues that â€Å"gender in organizations interacts with other major features of stratification - such as class and race - to construct unique organizational cultures that project distinctive images of gender and sexuality that are fitted to their particular organizational settings.† (Trautner, 2005). As Bettie (2000Read MorePolitics Of Sexuality And Materialism1739 Words   |  7 PagesGrossmann POLSCI 496 Brandwein 22 September 2014 Politics of Sexuality and Materialism In 19th century America, the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman existed in a domestic sphere where her role as a mother was her primary function in society. These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society andRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Out Of Control979 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is racism Today in America racial profiling is out of control. People are being attacked, judge and even killed for reasons beyond just skin color. For many years people of color have been racially profiled, and now when America should be moving forward, America is going backwards. Racial profiling, which is a form of racism has gotten out of control, and the past has not improved as we have moved into the 20th century. It is time for Americans to take a closer look at racialRead MoreDifference Between Ethnicity And Class939 Words   |  4 Pagesbasic ‘Race, Gender and Class’ assumptions; i.e., that each person has a race, gender, class identity, and that the impacts of all collective relations are instantaneously gendered, raced, and classed (West and Fenstermaker, 1997: 60). Therefore, these variances will be further discussed with reference to two popular American TV shows including Six Feet Under and The Wire. Studies of disparity have recently been formed and augmented by the development of a new model, referred to as race/class/genderRead MoreThe Centrality of Gender, Sexuality, Race, Sociability and Commercialized Leisure in Slumming by Chad Heap781 Words   |  4 Pagesas well as how it helps to produce the sex/gender/racial system. Heap also argues how the different participants in slumming affect one another. The impact between the different interactions among different races, classes and gender was as well discussed in detail by the author. Finally Heap talks about the roles that socially and economically populations play in the practice of slumming. Slumming demonstrates and solidifies the sex/gender/racial system during the 18th and 19th century. The crossing

Light On The Statement Of Leadership Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Light On The Statement Of Leadership. Answer: Introduction A leader can be defined as an individual who is the guiding light to the various employees in an organization. A leader is very often considered to be a visionary head of the organization that needs to be bestowed with a large number of skills and has various roles in an organization (Antonakis and Day 2017). The job of a leader requires certain set of activities like creating an inspiring vision for the organizations future and then binding people together in order to see to it that all of them work hard to achieve the goals. His role also involves looking after the people and motivating them to do tasks which are right for the organization. Along with setting the direction for the entire organization, the leader also needs to make use of the managerial skills to achieve success (Bhatti et al. 2012). It is often stated that a leader needs to be born with a certain set of personality and hence leadership is an art. In a similar scenario, a leader has to function in a manner based on a definite set of rules and regulations which is why it is often referred to as a science. This essay aims to throw light on the statement that leadership is both an art as well as a science. The reason behind the given statement will be discussed using practical examples along with theoretical references. Various theories like the behavioral theories will be discussed in order to prove validity to the statement Leadership as an Art An art is made of human skills. Very often the artistic side of leadership remains hidden and the leaders do not get to reflect their creativity in the corporate business world (Landis, Hill and Harvey 2014). The manner in which an organization functions, a leader may often find it extremely difficult to portray the creativity however, during certain circumstances there arises a situation where the leader is allowed to imagine and here the artistic side of leadership is revealed. The leadership is based on the imagination and creativity aspect of the person. Furthermore, the leader`s job greatly requires interaction and communication with various parties involved in a business which then can be referred to as an art (Daft 2014). This can be stated because an art involves convincing the various parties to a business and motivating them to carry out their tasks. Leadership is an act of empathy and empathy is incomplete without imagination. This involves understanding a third party`s thought to understand their perspective and work with them. Very often this aspect is not given importance to and is believed that leadership is just concerned with the theories and scientific set of rules but instead empathy is hugely related to art and through this leadership can be described as an art. A leader is a storehouse of various skills. A leader is incomplete without skills like communication, time management, negotiation and conflict management. These skills are in born in a person and cannot be taught to the different leaders. Communication refers to as the method of flow of ideas from one individual to another. With the help of the communication skills, person can easily get the tasks done. According to Bolman and Deal (2017),time management is another important skill that needs to be in a leader. This is because time is a running aspect and the business environment is ever changing. If the leader is unable to manage the various aspects of the business enterprise using the time concept then he will not be able to manage the business. The concept of time cannot be taught with a given theory and can only be mastered with time. Hence, the statement rightly suggests that Leadership is an art with respect to the skills requirement of a person which is inbuilt. Very often there arises a situation, whereby the leadership skill of an individual can be observed from a very young age. Whether the child is in school or college, he or she portrays all the essential qualities of a leader and is always the head of all the groups he is a member of (Van Wart 2014). Very often the people may wonder, the reason behind the given scenario, however there exists no scientific theory or knowledge behind this because these are the skills that a person is born with and they get further developed with time (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). A simple example of the Global billionaires and visionary leaders like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg can be used where by one can reflect that these leaders where college drop outs and did not achieve any professional knowledge but still have been able to successfully build up the globe`s largest organizations. A similar example of the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi can be used who has been described as one of the most influential leaders of 2015. However, the Prime Minister of India, comes from a very humble background with no profound leadership qualification. However, he is one the greatest leaders which the world has witnesses. Hence, from these examples it can be clearly stated that leadership is an art which is inbuilt. A person who has the presence of a certain skills within him can make him a successful leader and leadership is all about the innovation and creativity skills of a given person (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee 2013.).The example of the company Apple can also be taken who applied innovation and creativity in their designs and their products have been a figment of the management`s imagination. The Trait Theory of Leadership The given leadership theory believes that not all leaders become one due to scientific knowledge or training but are instead born with some qualities which make the leader competent. These qualities are qualities of intelligence, responsibility, value inputs and creativity. The trait theory analyses the social, mental and physical characteristics of the leaders to gain a better understanding of the common characteristics among the leaders. The Great Man Theory The Great Man theory of 1840s also states a similar point to this and stated that the characteristics which exist in a potential leader are all intrinsic and that the leadership traits are quite similar to that of the traits which a person is born with and hence, Leadership can be clearly stated to be an art with the help of which an individual will be able to achieve success in the business environment. The artistic side of the leader is extremely important in making the leader creative and empathetic . Without these qualities a leader will not be able t carry out the tasks properly and hence, the use of imagination will be limited . Hence, leadership can said to be an art. The next section of the essay will concentrate on why leadership is considered to be a science. Leadership as a science According to Hargreaves and Fink (2012), although leadership is considered to be an art, it is an undeniable fact that it is also a science. There exists science in the manner in which the modern leadership tends to function. In the present era, the organizations tend to function with big data and predictive analysis in order to solve complex situations and understand the patterns behind the behavior and the functioning of the target market. Hence, as a science, although leadership does not require an individual to be scientist with respect to data, a fundamental process of science is required in every decision that a company tends to make. Science often involves the use of microscopes, telescopes , equations and quantum mechanics in order to see to it that the relevant decision can be taken. However, leadership does not require that kind of science but involves the use of simple science such as examination off the evidence available and then making relative conclusions from it for the benefit of the organization. This scientific process of analyzing the information based on the situation and then making relevant decisions depending upon that. This information may refer to information such as sale figures, health and safety legislation or low staff morals in the administration team (Kara et al. 2013). The information which is derived from the situation in hand helps the company to draw relative conclusions about what is happening, the reason behind it and how the company will deal with the situation. The scientific aspect of leadership is relevant because without the application of science, the data would not have been converted to relevant information and the major decisions in the organization cannot be taken. The reason why leadership is considered to be a science is given in the following section,. First of all, Leadership requires talent acquisition Talent Acquisition A leader needs to be a storehouse of talent. The leader in any organization is required to be extremely talented and versatile in order to adapt to the needs of the changing environment and in order to analyze the situations and take corrective actions. Although leadership as an art states that leadership is an inborn talent which is inbuilt, however, all talents required in a leader are not inbuilt and some of them have to be acquired throughout the lifetime of the leader (Mitchell 2013). This acquisition process involves gaining data through scientific knowledge . The acquisition of all the talent which is required to become a food leader involves application of scientific aspects like learning which will then help the leader to become a jack of all trades. Knowledge acquiring According to Northouse (2015),Knowledge acquisition needs to be an essential part of building up the character of a leader. Knowledge refers to the idea a particular leader needs to have about the various aspects of the business like planning, human resource, manufacturing, marketing, financing, costing and others (Chemers 2014). This knowledge, however smart an individual is cannot be inbuilt in a person and he will be required to attain these knowledge aspects with the help of education. There are various professional courses available like that of Masters in Business Management and leadership along with bachelors degree in leadership which will then provide all relevant knowledge to the managers in the domain of the business and enable them to excel in the given field. Hence, this concept of taking a degree is a form of science and for a reason like this Leadership is often considered to be a science (Nahavandi 2016). Experience based on Organizational leadership Leadership skills are also built when a person is placed in an organization and he learns through involvement in a variety of projects and reports tend to prepare the leader for future endeavors and through the process of learning, the leader understands how he has to progress in a given organization and the manner in which the person is able to derive better results (Lussier and Achua 2015). Leadership with reference to organizational context involves application of theoretical data in the practical form and learning from the mistakes (Spillane 2012). The various theories need to be tested and each of the results achieved from the application of one theory needs to be evaluated and the person needs to improve with time. Hence, the exposure to the actual corporate world helps the individual to attain knowledge with reference to the real world organization and this shall help the individual to become a better leader. Building up leadership takes time According to Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube (2015), Leadership can be inbuilt however, not every aspect of the leadership is always present in the person from the very beginning. Certain aspects of a leader like analyzing, performance management, information processing, production aspects and other important information is often gathered and built up during the course of time (Bolman and Deal 2017). Hence, leadership is often considered to be science which is developed by application of various resources, time and effort. The three levels of leadership theory The three levels of leadership theory is a theory which was formulated by James Scouller. In the given theory he stated that a persons leadership skills and presence can be developed and grown. The theory aims to summarize the tasks which need to be done by the leaders and the technical changes and psychologically requirements that they need to bring in the organization in order to develop the aspect of leaders and provide vision to the particular organization (GolemanBoyatzis and McKee 2013). This particular theory combines the older leadership theories like traits, behavioral and functional and combines them with the concept of authentic leadership. Leadership is built on a variety of scientific management tools and theories. These scientific management tools refer to the various control measures used by a manger in an organization such as Data analytics, Job Analysis, Performance Management, Financial Analysis, Human Resource Management, Cooperation between managers and workers, Planning and training. According to Taylor, these aspects tend to form an essential aspect of any leader in an organization and they have to be learnt in order to be successful. According to Fairhurst and Connaughton (2014), the learning and application of thee scientific knowledge tools requires lot of resources and time. However, without these tools an organization may not be able to succeed in achieving the goals of the organization and is considered as an important aspect for a leader to have a skills and a strength in all the stated scientific management tools in order to ensure that he is able to manage all the aspects of the given business and is able to manage the organization effectively. Therefore from the given analysis it can be stated that Leadership is an evolving concept and the definition of a leader is ever changing. A leader needs to be the guiding path of all the employees and the leader needs to use all techniques and concepts to take the organization where it belongs to. It can be stated that, Leadership is both an art and science. It is an art because it uses the application of creativity and innovation in an organization and it is a science because it makes use of various tools, principles and techniques in order to achieve the goals of the organization or that of a leader. The given essay highlighted various points which proved that leadership is both an art as well as a science. The essay provided a brief introduction as to why leadership is considered to be an art. It reflected the statement using the Behavioral theory and the Traits theory. Art requires imagination and inbuilt skills, which is an essential aspect of leadership as well. In the same manner, the reasons why leadership is a science have also been provided. Leadership is referred to as a science because; it involves learning and development of scientific knowledge along with skills which include the knowledge of various functions of the organization. The reasons by it are considered to be a science has been discussed briefly. Hence, Leadership is that skill of an organization which can be both inbuilt as well as learnt. It is dependent on the individual who is bound to be a leader to learn the skills he has not been bestowed with and utilize his inbuilt skills to strive towards a successful goal completion of the organization. References Amanchukwu, R.N., Stanley, G.J. and Ololube, N.P., 2015. A review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management.Management,5(1), pp.6-14. Antonakis, J. and Day, D.V. eds., 2017.The nature of leadership. Sage publications. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), p.192. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Chemers, M., 2014.An integrative theory of leadership. Psychology Press. Daft, R.L., 2014.The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective.Leadership,10(1), pp.7-35. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013.Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Hargreaves, A. and Fink, D., 2012.Sustainable leadership(Vol. 6). John Wiley Sons. Kara, D., Uysal, M., Sirgy, M.J. and Lee, G., 2013. The effects of leadership style on employee well-being in hospitality.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.9-18. Landis, E.A., Hill, D. and Harvey, M.R., 2014. A synthesis of leadership theories and styles.Journal of Management Policy and Practice,15(2), p.97. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Mitchell, G., 2013. Selecting the best theory to implement planned change.Nursing Management-UK,20(1). Nahavandi, A., 2016.The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Spillane, J.P., 2012.Distributed leadership(Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Van Wart, M., 2014.Dynamics of leadership in public service: Theory and practice. Routledge.

Principles Australian Constitutional wood †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Principles Of Australian Constitutional Law Chats Wood? Answer: Introducation From the present case, it is found that Aussie Ltd functioned as the subsidiary company of the Meranti Ltd being the manufacturers of the high quality furniture with much reduced cost. The furniture manufactured by Meranti Ltd was exported to the Aussie Ltd that enjoyed highest degree of success in terms of the large volume of sales. Following the case study, it was found that the federal government imposed huge amount of import duty on the yearly sales of imported furniture that was done by Aussie Ltd since the company sold those furniture in the Australian market. As a result of this, the government decision of imposing import duty has considerably effected the business and revenue generating capacity of Aussie Ltd. Subsequently Aussie Ltd launched a media attack with the objective of repealing the government decision and sought petition in the parliament against such the import duty. As a result of this the company incurred an expenditure of $2 million as a demand for revoking gov ernment decision. As defined under the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 an individual taxpayers is allowed to make claim for allowable deductions related to losses and outlay up the extent that they are occurred at the time of gaining and producing the taxable income (Barkoczy 2016). There is also an exception to the rule, which states that where an expenditure is of a capital in nature or possessing the characteristics of private or domestic in nature are not allowed as allowable deductions. In order to consider the legal expenditure in the form of allowable deductions the taxpayer is required to explain that the expenditure was related or significant to the production assessable income (Braithwaite 2017). Denoting the judgement of the Hallstroms Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1946), in determining the deductibility of the legal expenditure to be considered as allowable under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997, it is obligatory to understand the nature of the expenditure (Saad 2014). It is noteworthy to denote that the nature and the character possessed by the legal expenditure follows the benefit that is sought by the taxpayer in incurring such expenditure. As it was held in Herald and Weekly Times Ltd v. FC of T(1932) legal expenditure are usually considered as deductible if such expenditure is originated from the regular activities of the taxpayers business (Lang 2014). Furthermore, as noted in the case of Magna Alloys and Research Pty Ltd v. FC of T(1980) the legal expense are usually regarded as deductible if the legal actions that has been taken has more peripheral association to the business of the taxpayer revenue producing activities (Miller and Oats 2016). In the present context, it can be stated that the legal expenditure incurred by Aussie Ltd can be regarded as deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 that are allowable for the losses and outgoings to the degree that they are occurred in the revenue generating capacity of the taxpayer business (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman 2015). Citing the reference of Ronpibon Tin Tong Kah Compound NL v. F C of T (1949) the expenditure incurred by Aussie Ltd in the present context constitute a deductible expenditure since they were relevant in the generation of Aussie Ltd taxable income (Woellner et al. 2016). The legal action of Media attack and seeking petition in the parliament represents that the expenditure incurred by Aussie ltd carries more than a peripheral association to the income producing activities of the taxpayers. Aussie Ltd does not occur the legal expenditure in the present context for any alternative purpose other than defending its method of business of exporting high quality furniture in Australia. Therefore, it can be asserted that decision to challenge the decision of government against the imposition of higher duty is hence associated to the integral part of the taxpayers business. Therefore, it can bought forward that the expenditure incurred by Aussie Ltd was in the purview of executing the business activities with the objective of gaining assessable income. In addition to this, the negative limbs of the subsection 51 (1) of the ITAA 1936 does not have any kind of application for the reason that the expenditure occurred in challenging the decision of government does not forms capital in nature neither it is associated for the preservation of the capital asset (Robin 2017). Denoting the judgements of FC of T v Snowden and Wilson Pty Ltd(1958) the fact the legal expenditure incurred in the present context has not on earlier occasion being required to undertake such legal actions (Barkoczy et al. 2016). Therefore, it does not prevent the expenditure incurred by Aussie Ltd from being considered as the deductible. As held in Magna Alloys and Research Pty Ltd v. FC of T(1980) it was noticed that the legal expenditure that was incurred by the taxpayer with the objective of preventing the statements of defamation that was being made by the co-worker was regarded as the allowable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The reason for such decision as presented in section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 where a deductions are allowable if the expenditure is arising out the regular income generating activities or having more than a outlying association to the business of the taxpayers (Anderson, Dickfos and Brown 2016). Arguably, it can be bought forward that when the primary reason of incurring legal expenditure is for the purpose of defending the actions of the taxpayers in executing the employment duties with the help of which they gain or generate taxable income such expenditure are characterised in the form of revenue in nature and are regarded as allowable deductions. As rightly explained under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 that permits deductions for all kinds of losses or expenditure till the certain extent to which they are incurred by the taxpayer in producing and generating the taxable income (Tran-Nam and Walpole 2016). An exception to this rule is that unless on the circumstances it is found that the such expenditure are holding the nature of the capital, domestic or private characteristics or associated in the earnings of the exempted income. An important considerations of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 is that legal expenditure have generally regarded to be as allowable deductions given the fact that the expenditure has originated as the consequence of the Aussie Ltd income generating capacity given that such expenditure is not holding the nature of private or domestic (James 2016.). Therefore, it can be asserted that the expenditure incurred in challenging the decision of government for imposing higher import duties represents allowable deductions. The expenses is occurred by Aussie Ltd was for the purpose of defending the method of business and the decision to challenge the imposition of duties is related to the integral part of the taxpayers business. The current case study is based on James who proposes to purchase a block of five flats for the purpose of using the same as the rental property by letting out on rent to the tenants. From the case study, it is found that James before making the decision of purchasing the block of five lands was advised by the inspector that would be incurring pre-acquisition cost of $20,000 on plumbing, roofing and painting. Soon the work of plumbing, roofing and painting was finished and James lent out the flats to the tenants. According to the Australian taxation office capital works that are incurred by an individual on structural improvement of the rental property are generally written off over the period of long term and such expenditure are considered as deductible expenditure. The capital works deductions is considered as an expenditure of the capital in nature that are usually depreciated over the period of time and might form the part of the cost base of the property for the capital gains tax purpose (Daley and Coates 2015). It is noteworthy that repairs and maintenance expenditure are regarded as the most commonly sought after query. Expenditure, which an individual makes, on repairs and maintenance to the property might be considered as allowable deductions. However an exception to the rule is that such repairs must be directly associated to the wear and tear or other damage that has arisen as the outcome of renting out the property (Blakelock and King 2017). Therefore, it can be stated that repairs that is carried out to the newly purchase property are not viewed as the expenditure and they are regarded as the capital work expenditure. According to Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997, it provides permission for deductions of all the losses and outgoings to the certain degree to which such expenditure are incurred in gaining or deriving the assessable income of the taxpayers (Barkoczy et al. 2016). An exception to this rule is that an expenditure cannot be allowed as deductions that are incurred in the nature of capital, private or domestic in nature. The federal court have considered the nature of capital goings in the case of Sun Newspapers Ltd v. F C of T (1961). The cost that is associated with the purchase of the rental property are usually not regarded as allowable deductions since they form the part of the creating a profit making asset (Coleman and Sadiq 2013). In the present context of James, it can be stated that cost that is involved in the roofing, plumbing and painting are not viewed as expenditure indeed they are deemed as capital works expenditure. It can be stated that the expenditure incurred by James were to make the property appropriate for rental purpose and these expenditure did not originated from the James use of property to produce the rental income (Harris et al. 2013). Arguably, in respect of the Section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997, it can be bought forward that the expenditure that is are in the nature of capital and James in the present context will not be able to claim an allowable deductions for such expenditure. On the other hand, it is found that James has incurred an expenditure of $50,000 as a result of the collapse of a section of upstairs floor due to the infestation of termites. In addition to this, it is also found that James additionally incurred an expenditure of $2,000 to a pest control company so that he can make sure that remaining parts of the buildings are not damaged by further termites infestations. According to the Taxation ruling of 97/23, it provides the explanations on the circumstances in which expenditure that is incurred for repairs will be considered as the allowable deductions under section 25-10 of the ITAA 1997 (Kenny, Blissenden and Villios 2017). The expression of the term repairs is defined under Subsection 25-10 (1) defines repairs where the repairs are in the nature of capital nature or expenditure that is occurred to remedy defects, damage or deterioration in presence at the date of acquisition of the property (Keyzer, Goff and Fisher 2013). The expenditure that is incurred by James on replacing the ceiling from the infestation of termites can be regarded as the capital works deductions. According to the Australian taxation office capital works deductions are regarded as the income tax deductions that can be claimed by the taxpayers on the event of cost involved in construction of building, cost of altering the building, the cost of capital improvements that sur rounds the property (Krever 2013). As it is found that James acquired the property after the period of 17 July 1985, therefore he can claim allowable deductions on the rental property for the cost that is incurred on replacing the roofing of the building (Morgan, Mortimer and Pinto 2013). Para 15 of the Taxation ruling of TR 97/23 defines repairs for the most part is viewed as occasional and partial (Nethercott et al. 2016). It generally comprises of the restoration of the efficiency function of the property that is being repaired without changing the character and might consists of restoration of the former appearance, state or conditions. An important considerations of the para 14 of the Taxation ruling of TR 97/23 defines that work that is done to prevent the repair or anticipated defects, damage or deterioration in the property in not itself considered as repairs unless the repairs are carried out with the objective of remedying or making good defects or deterioration of the property. It the present context of James repairs that is carried out for replacing the roof would be considered as the allowable deductions since it is carried out with the objective of remedying or making the property good of defects and deterioration (Sadiq 2016). Furthermore, the replacement of infested roof contemplates that James wanted to prevent the property from further deterioration with the objective of contemplating the continued existence of the property. As defined under the Taxation ruling of TR 97/25 a deduction of capital works under the division 43 is reliant on the amount of the constructions expenditure that is incurred by the taxpayer in respect of the construction of those capital works that forms the part of the structural improvements or extensions (Woellner 2013). As evident in the present context of James it can be rightly put forward the repairs done on roofing of the building represents structural improvement of the rental property and would be regarded as capital works deductions. Though in the earlier instances it is found that James incurred expenditure that were as the means of repairs carried out to the newly property were not regarded as the allowable deductible expenditure and were deemed as the capital works. However in the subsequent part the expenditure incurred were eligible for deductions since they represented as the extension or improvement to the rental property. Conclusion: On arriving at the conclusion from the above stated analysis, it can be stated that the expenditure that is incurred prior to the acquisition of the property could not be regarded as the allowable deductions. The expenses were incurred by James to make the property suitable for rental and it did not originated from the use of rental property to generate assessable rental income. In later stages, the expenditure on structural improvement to the property by building a fence could be claimed as allowable deductions by James. Reference list: Anderson, C., Dickfos, J. and Brown, C., 2016. The Australian Taxation Office-what role does it play in anti-phoenix activity?.INSOLVENCY LAW JOURNAL,24(2), pp.127-140. Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Barkoczy, S., Nethercott, L., Devos, K. and Richardson, G. (2016).Foundations Student Tax Pack 3 2016. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia New Zealand. Barkoczy, S., Nethercott, L., Devos, K. and Richardson, G., 2016.Foundations Student Tax Pack 3 2016. Oxford University Press Australia New Zealand. Blakelock, S. and King, P., 2017. Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching.Proctor, The,37(6), p.18. Braithwaite, V. ed., 2017.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge. Coleman, C. and Sadiq, K. (n.d.).Principles of taxation law 2013. Daley, J. and Coates, B., 2015.Property taxes. Grattan Institute. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L., 2015.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press. Harris, J., Graw, S., Gilders, F., Kenny, P. and Van der Waarden, N. (n.d.). 2013Theory and law in the regulation of business. James, K., 2016. The Australian Taxation Office perspective on work-related travel expense deductions for academics.International Journal of Critical Accounting,8(5-6), pp.345-362. Kenny, P., Blissenden, M. and Villios, S. (n.d.).Australian tax 2017. Keyzer, P., Goff, C. and Fisher, A. (n.d.). 2013Principles of Australian constitutional law. Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Lang, M., 2014.Introduction to the law of double taxation conventions. Linde Verlag GmbH. Miller, A. and Oats, L., 2016.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Nethercott, L., Devos, K., Gonzaga, L. and Richardson, G. (2016).Australian taxation study manual. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ROBIN, H., 2017.AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Sadiq, K. (2016).Principles of Taxation Law 2016. Pyrmont: Law Book Co of Australasia. Tran-Nam, B. and Walpole, M., 2016. Tax disputes, litigation costs and access to tax justice.eJournal of Tax Research,14(2), p.319. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue.